Ticks

Introduction                                                                

Ticks, are small arachnids. Ticks required blood meals to complete their complex includes eggs,larva, nymph and adult male and female ticks. The larvae,nymph and adult all need blood meals.The female adult (hard tick)is the one causing the most bites as males usually die after mating.Ticks do not jump or fly. They simply reach out with their legs or crow onto a host. Although some larvae have preferred host, most ticks in the nymph or adult will attach a get a blood meal from several different kinds of animal, including human, except a few specific of larva ticks (larva, nymphs). The hard ticks tend to attach and feed for hours to days. Soft ticks usually feed for less than one hour.The bite of some of these soft ticks produces intensely painful reactions. There are many common names for various ticks also almost any ticks that has had a blood meal. Tick sometimes also found in gardens especially those with deep vegetation and strong wildlife population. Tick can pass on the disease their feed on the blood of other animals. They cannot jump or fly, but when ready for a meal will a climb or nearby piece of vegetation and wait a passing animal or human to catch their hooked front legs. The ticks will not necessarily bite immediately, but with often spend some time finding suitable site on the skin. The bite is usually painless and most people will know they have bitten if they happen to see a feeding tick attached to them. The disease carry ticks lyme borreliosis, babesiosis and ehrlichiosis , some ticks carry more than one disease at the same time and can transfer them to you in the single bite. The resulting symptoms can be extremely confusing and liable to misdiagnosis. Treatment this cases be difficult. The ticks generally bites human (the nymph stage). 

                             

MOSQUITOES

Mosquito is bloodsucker little animal very in hate everyone because bite which caused hives, because mosquito can cause various illnesses that are dangerous like malaria, haemorhagic fever, dengue and so on much sickness related to mosquito. Mosquito is sucker and blood eater however only female mosquito only that bloodsucking while male mosquito eat honey. Reason why female mosquito  eat blood by obtaining source of protein for development and mosquitoes egg growth.  In other words female mosquito bloodsucking to defend species life's continuity.

Mosquito through four life cycle steps:egg,larva,pupa and adult.Larva breath through air duct that exist on tail end.Pupa usually active larva but breathes through thoracic.Most larva eat microorganism,but a few larva is predator for other species larva.

Most modern mosquitoes control no longer depend on dangerous insecticides but lead to specific organism that eat mosquitoes,or infect them with disease that murder them.However,mosquitoes carried disease outbreak still causing spraying with chemical substance that is less poisonous (toxic) compared to that used in the past. 

LIFE CYCLE MOSQUITOES 

                                        

Mosquitoes has a many type actually this species dangerous to human heath depends on what types of mosquitoes. Among mosquitoes type as anopheles,aegypti, aedes, mansonia,culex and so on. Every mosquitoes type have various differences from the aspect of form,color,name and disease carrier.

MOSQUITOES ANOPHELES

Anopheles (mosquito malaria)is one of the mosquito genus.This disease is very fearful one time ago but quite reduced now. This mosquitoes active at night to draw blood and also lays. Anopheles mosquitoes usually breed in water which flowed and shone by sun because of that their have a lot in forest areas which the water always flow and shone by sun. Its color all kinds of, there is black ones, there is on the other hand that the foot white "berbecak-becak". 

characteristics :                                                                            

• Influenced damp and temperature
• biting at night
• distance fly 0,5-3 km
• age in laboratory adult 3-5 weeks
• causing malaria disease
• simetris wing form
• among palpi and equally long proboscis

MOSQUITOES MANSONIA

Mansonia carrier to filariasis disease are usually known as an elephantiasis. If you do not want foot swell like very big foot,carefully with mansonia mosquitoes bites and work hard control the breeding.Their active an spawning in night time and breeds in stagnant water area remain that have plant aquatic floats in the water reservoir. This to enable larva and pupa stick themselves in aquatic plant there.

characteristics:

• large and long build 
• asimetris wing form
• causing filariasis disease
• disease transmission with may bring up the body

MOSQUITOES AEGYPTI 

Aegypti aedes is mosquitoes type that can bring dengue virus bloody fever cause. Aedes mosquito in the morning and evening to find the victim to be being sucked blood. The breeding areas on the other hand is usually in our accommodation environment in made containers like old tyre,empty can,plastic container and others, that hidden than sunlight.

characteristic:

• large and short siphon form that exist on abdomen last
• comb form like comb
• lives at clean water 

MOSQUITOES CULEX

This mosquitoes is filariasis disease endowment cause and also ensefalitis. Ensefalitis is neural disease which cause occurences of brain acute inflammation. Culex mosquitoes also active and transparent at night. If there a lots of mosquitoes culex in your place well off, mean drainage system and drainage in that area not looked after well and blocked and does not flow. The mosquitoes breeding at drainage water area that is dirty and not flow around municipalities.

characteristics larva:

• slender and small siphon form that exist on abdomen last
• comb form not methodical
• flicking culex mosquitoes form angle in aquatic (suspended) plant.

characteristics adult mosquitoes:

• palpi is shorter 

Fleas (animal louse)

Introduction ( animal louse)

Fleas are the insect forming the order siphonaptera. They are wingless with mouth parts adapted for piercing skin and sucking blood.Some flea species include cat, dog, moorhen, northern rat, oriental rats and others. The flea has a long legs, the hind pair well adapted for jumping, a flea can jump vertically up to 7 inches (18 cm) and horizontally up to 13 inches (33 cm). Flea one of the best jumpers of all known animals. The flea body is hard, polished and covered with many hairs and short spines directed backward, which also assist its movements on the host.

Life cycle and habitat

Flea has going four life cycle stages of egg, larva, pupa and imago(adult). Adult fleas must feed on blood before they can become capable of reproduction.

Eggs 
The flea life cycle begins when the female lays after feeding. Egg are laid in batches of up to 20 or so ,usually on the host itself , which means that the eggs can easily roll onto the ground, The eggs take around two days to two weeks to hatch.

Larva
Flea larvae emerge from the eggs to feed on any available organic such as dead insects. They are blind and avoid sunlight.

Pupae
Given an adequate supply of food, another week or two the adult fleas are fully developed and ready to emerge. Fleas are known to overwinter in the larva or pupa stages.

Adult
Once the flea reached adulthood. Its primary goal is to find blood and then to reproduce. Female fleas can lay 5000 or more eggs over their life. A flea might live a year and a half under ideal condition. hovewer completely developed adult.

Mites

Mites

Mites,is a term commonly used to refer to a group of insect- like organisms, some of which bite or cause irritation to human. Mites pass through four stages of development :eggs to nymph to adult larvae. All stage have eight legs except the six-legged larva. Most mites never come in contact with humans, but some that do can effect a person's health. Many situation mites or others be biting or attacking people no causative organism is present. While mites rarely transmit disease to human they definitely impact health in ways that range from simply being a nuisance when they enter homes in large numbers, to inflicting severe skin irritation that can cause intense itching.

Life cycle of mites 
                        
                            Eggs
Mites lay between four to eight egg after a meal with 
the higher concentrations of laying occurring within the
last few days of female's life. Unlike the eggs of some 
other parasites.

                          Larva
Mites larva are approximately 3 to 5.22 mm long and and are semitransparent while in color. The larva stages last from 4 to 18 days after which larva spin silken cocoons and enter the nymph stages. The nymph stages may be complete within three days. Controlling mite using vacuum to remove insect growth.

                        Adult
Adult mites begin searching for food they can jumping abilities, they will remain stationery when a suitable host is located.

Sign or symptoms of mites ?

• No symptoms (the mites are commensal)
• Itching
• Inflammation

How to prevent and control the mites ?

• Personal hygiene.
• Drying pillow, mattress and change sheet.
• Used anti-itch cream and oral-anti histamines to control itching.

References                                                                         http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/pcmites.htm

http://www.growyouthful.com/ailment/demodex-mite.php#treatment-of-mites

FLEAS (head louse)

Introduction

FLEA has a two type: one head louse and second animal lice two type flea has many different but same sources their want.Flea not dangerous but their can give effect itchy to people at risk.Head louse is a type of bloodsucker parasite which normally live division head.Female lice can lay six grains one day.The parasites spread quickly through direct contact with hair that is troubled. It also jumped to head through brush or hair comb,hat,pillow and towel. Three types of fleas human we study is

Life cycle of flea  

                                      Eggs

The female head louse lays individual eggs(called nits) strongly gluing 
them to head hair shaft near the skin. The adult lives for about 30 days,
feeding on blood several times each day.


                                                                                                                        Nymph                                                                     

The first instar nymph hatches after six to nine days of development. Within minutes it takes its first blood meal.

                                      Adult 

After seven days of feeding and two more growth stages. The first instar nymph become adult louse.

Sign flea infection

• Itchy that strong in head surface.This caused material that have inside head louse saliva.
• Red sign in head surface,neck and back ear.In bad case,swollen signs happen behind ear.
• Availability lice eggs that small,usually shine and white.It seems like dandruff but it not have been extracted easily. 

Flea causes 

Flea contagious are live from head through:

• Hair comb
• Hair ornament
• Towel
• Head scarf
• Hat

What can do and prevent the flea?

• Using flea comb.This comb should be soaked in vinegar first so that eggs have been extracted easily.
• Soaking combs and head consumption goods like hair binder etc with antipedicular agent or alcohol for a couple of hours.
• washing sheet with hot water.
• Using vacuum machine to clear carpet,car seats
• Using medicine to kill flea and the eggs.  

          Method of treating and medicines

• Using specific shampoo (can be found at pharmacy) to kill head loose.
• Malathion
• Cleaning hair routinely.Head shampoo then wipe until scalp and hair.Not until shampoo on eye.Hair comb and until let dry.Using hair comb that is soft dentate. Removing all bugs and the eggs.
• Meeting with doctor when have bacterial infection sign like fever and boil on the head or pus.

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flea

http://www.ripfleas.co.uk/flea-life-cycle/

                                                 

FLY

Fly is a type of insect that flying. Fly eat by spewing the saliva go out and absorb back food that is half digest retrack the stomach through the trunk. Fly is a type of insect that can spreading disease, due to the nutrition system and the nature that often fly to place that is dirty as in toilet, garbage site,and so on. Fly is one of the pest type of insect that most have been found easily.

However, fruity fly type and flower not in categorized as disease carrier. Although all flies like to perch place that is dirty rubbish bin and etc.

There is various type fly type among them is : 

• Housefly or usually known as fly only
• Fruit fly
• Black soldier fly
• Blue fly  

Do you know fly housefly 6-7 mm, female can produce 400-600 egg in case putrefy or dirt that is developed became "belatung" larva attracted for every food that is expressible or organic muck.   Blue fly usually blue metallic or green, but black coloured that significant in house show the existence of dead animals in property you. Cluster fly adult is 6-10 mm. Cluster fly often shelter for winter in the house and can be happened in very large total at home and when they emerge in semi season.

To many housefly species including Blow flies or bottle flies, very important to uninteresting fly with food source or places to fly larva grow:

• Always food cover - disease fly spread by landing in food before eat.
• Cleaning food soils and immediate thaw spill.
• Cleaning debris food from below kitchenware 
• Ensuring all garbage site should tightly closed close.
• Put away composed closed and closed.
• Cleaning after pet animal.
• Preventing developed venom fly in water stagnation
• Ensuring channel kept clearly and walk.
• Cleaning channel that appear him have fly with bleach.
• Prevent fly enter house especially kitchen and disposal site.

References

http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalat

http://www.rentokil.co.id/kostumer-perumahan/serangga-terbang/lalat-dan-nyamuk/

                                                                                                                   

Rodents

HISTORY OF RODENT ...

The 1999 species of rodents, in 431 genera and 28 families, described to date possess a characteristic dentition. Accounting for more than 40% of all mammalian species, rodents are found throughout the world in a wide range of habitats: forests, deserts, mountains, the high artic tundra, and often in close contact with humans. 

WHAT IS RODENT  ???

Rodents are mammals they are characterized by a singer pair of continuosly growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws. Rodents are warm-blooded mammals that, like humans, can be found throughout the world. They have oversized front teeth for gnawing and check teeth, which are adapted for chewing. Rodents chew on a variety of  items available to them and cause great damage in and around homes. They carry many type of disease. Rodents also dangerous for human can cause death and also direct and indirect transmitted. Species of rodents most are Roof rats ( Rattus rattus), Norway rats ( Rattus norvegicus), and House mice ( Mus musculus). These rodents are commensal because they tend to live in close proximity to humans and eat the same food. They destroyed property, frighten people and compete with human for food.

LIFE CYCLE OF RODENTS ...

                                                

DIFFERENT BETWEEN ROOF RATS, NORWAY RATS AND HOUSE MICE ...

1) ROOF RATS ( Rattus rattus)

• sometimes called black rats.
• slightly smaller than Norway rats
• tails are longer than their heads and bodies combined.
• very agile climbers and usually live and nest above ground in shrubs, trees, and dense vegetation such as ivy.

2) NORWAY RATS (Rattus norvegicus)

• sometimes called brown or sewer rats.
• burrows found along building foundations, beneath rubbish or woodpiles, and in moist areas in and around gardens and fields.
• Nests may be lined with shredded paper, cloth, or other fibrous material.
• When Norway rats invade buildings, they usually remain in the basement or ground floor.

3) HOUSE MICE ( Mus musculus)

• domestic house mouse
• live and thrive under a variety of conditions in an around homes/farms
• contaminate food-preparation surface with their feces, which can contain the bacterium that causes food poisoning (salmonellosis).
• constant gnawing causes damage to structures and property.

HOW TO CONTROL THE RODENTS ???

Rodents and habits can make them challenging to control, and they present a serious menace to your home. If you’re in need of rodent control services, here’s what you should know about these pests :

1) USING RODENT BAITS

When baiting initially, try not to disturb their original habitats or they may run to another area. After baiting has begun, continue with sanitation procedures, food source removal, and harborage removal to ensure additional rodents from nearby areas are not attracted to your location

2) USING RODENTS TRAP

If you have rats, and choose mice traps the traps would be too small. If you have mice, and choose rat traps, the traps would be too small.

Watching the information of rodents, have a tips and know about life rodent in environment.

It is a good information 

Happy Watching

: )

                                                    

REFERENCES ...

Wikipedia rodents , Cdc rodents, 

cockroaches

COCKROACHES

Cockroaches are insect.Their also life and stay in dark area and damp example cupboard slit and sink. Cockroaches usually has three stage cycle consisting egg,nymph and adult.Cockroaches carry the bacteria as Salmonella typhimurium. The interesting part we don t know about cockroaches is their can life forty minutes without air or when the head busted also can life in one weeks its so difficult to cockroaches to be die its to show a great cockroaches in the world.

Cockroaches has many name or type in the house the name of cockroaches usually American cockroaches, and in the hotel has German cockroaches.The best known pest species are the American cockroaches. Many things about cockroaches its funny for me about cockroaches. 

Life Cycle

                                     

                                             
DIFFERENT BETWEEN AMERICAN, GERMAN, AND ORIENTAL COCKROACHES.

AMERICAN

• Also found at home 
• Reddish brown and yellowish band
• Female life span up to 1.5 long.
• Incubation period of eggs 6-8 weeks ago

GERMAN

• Also found at hotel or restaurant.
• Will eat anything.
• Adult are 1/2 inch.
• Bringing in one capsule. 

ORIENTAL

• Dark brown and black species.
• Have strong repulsive odor.
• Longest life cycle.
• Tends to favor colder climates.

HOW TO CONTROL COCKROACHES ????

• Clean your house thoroughly
• Keep food containers, sealed and don t leave food our for extended periods.
• Mop the floor routinely to clean up crumbs and sticky spots.
• Use an insecticide spray.
• Use store-bought cockroaches traps.

vector and pest management

 Assalamualaikum :


Today I learn and study what is integrated pest management? and meaning between vector and pest.Vector is an insect or any living carrier disease that transmit an infectious agent. Most commonly known vector consist of arthropod, domestic animals, or mammals that assist in transmitted parasitic organism to human or other mammal. A vector is not only part of the parasite development cycle, but it also transmit the parasite directly to subsequent hosts.

Example of insects
             
                                    Insect

• Ants, cockroaches flies are household pests, typically as they consume human food.
• caterpillars cause crop damage.
• Lice,fleas and bed bugs can all cause skin irritation.
• Mosquitoes, tsetses flies and kissings bugs cause irritation and carry disease.

                                 Mites

• Chiggers cause skin irritation.
• Ticks and mites cause irritation and can spread disease

                           Gastropods

• Slugs are pest in both agriculture and gardens.

                         Mammals

• Mice,rats and other small rodent cause infestation.

                          Birds

• Many birds such as crows eat crop seed.

                      Pest....